Psychonephrology: psychological aspects in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.

The biological, physical and psychological burden of a chronic disease has an impact on the quality of life of people who suffer from it. The perception of quality of life is affected by psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression that have a high prevalence in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). These factors are also linked to lower life expectancy. It is therefore surprising that the psychological aspects of people with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) have received so little attention in the medical literature, despite their importance for the overall health of these patients. The relatively new discipline called psychonephrology provides a broader view of the impact that these aspects have on individuals with chronic kidney disease, with a consequent practical application. In this article, we examine the consequences and prevalence of psychological problems that can be related to CKD and ADPKD. Firstly, we will focus on the field of CKD and ADPKD within the scope of psychonephrology. Secondly, the article introduces the concept of quality of life as a basic pillar of health that is affected when a person is diagnosed with CKD. Thirdly, we will present a summary of the main research related to anxiety and depression disorders in CKD and ADPKD. The article will conclude by synthesising findings from the different lines of research undertaken.

Aspectos vasculares y metabólicos de manidipino / Vascular and metabolic properties of manidipine

En el tratamiento de la hipertensión y la diabetes, la combinación de bloqueantes del sistema renina-angiotensina y de los canales de calcio se presenta como una de las opciones más eficaces. Sin embargo, no todos los bloqueantes de calcio se comportan del mismo modo. Manidipino, a diferencia de otros derivados dihidropiridínicos de tercera generación, bloquea los canales de calcio T presentes en las arteriolas glomerulares eferentes, disminuyendo la presión intraglomerular y la microalbuminuria. Además, los canales T están relacionados con proliferación, inflamación, fibrosis, vasoconstricción y activación del sistema renina-angiotensina. La inhibición de estos factores podría explicar la acción no hemodinámica del manidipino frente a otros bloqueantes (AU)

The combination of renin-angiotensin system blockers with calcium channel blockers appears to be one of the most effective options for treating hypertension and diabetes. Nevertheless, not all calcium blockers behave in the same manner. Manidipine, unlike other third-generation dihydropyridine derived drugs, blocks T-type calcium channels present in the efferent glomerular arterioles, reducing intraglomerular pressure and microalbuminuria. In addition, T-type channels are related to proliferation, inflammation, fibrosis, vasoconstriction and activation of the renin-angiotensin system. The inhibition of these factors could explain the non-haemodynamic effects of manidipine as compared to other blockers (AU)

Vascular and metabolic properties of manidipine.

The combination of renin-angiotensin system blockers with calcium channel blockers appears to be one of the most effective options for treating hypertension and diabetes.Nevertheless, not all calcium blockers behave in the same manner. Manidipine, unlike other third-generation dihydropyridine derived drugs, blocks T-type calcium channels present in the efferent glomerular arterioles, reducing intraglomerular pressure and microalbuminuria. In addition,T-type channels are related to proliferation, inflammation,fibrosis, vasoconstriction and activation of the renin-angiotensin system. The inhibition of these factors could explain the non-haemodynamic effects of manidipine as compared to other blockers.

[Genetic diagnosis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease using multiplex-PCR]. / Diagnóstico genético de poliquistosis renal autosómica dominante mediante PCR múltiple.

BACKGROUND: Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is the most common life-threatening hereditary disease. Molecular analysis with highly polymorphic short tandem repeats, located in the vicinity of the two genes responsible for the disease (PKD1 and PKD2), is used to confirm diagnosis and give genetic counseling to members of affected families. METHODS: We have developed a new assay to genotype five PKD1 and four PKD2 markers, based on two multiplex PCR reactions, and capillary electrophoresis analysis. A total of 110 subjects, belonging to 14 affected families, were genotyped to confirm the concordance with the singleplex method used previously. RESULTS: The amplicons ranged from 95 to 154 bp in length, and complete STR profiles were obtained from 1-5 ng DNA. The specificity of the multiplex PCR system was 88,5% (95%CI= 75,9-95,2), and the sensitivity, 87,9 (95%CI= 76,1-94,6). CONCLUSIONS: This is a useful strategy that, together with automated computer-based allele detection, allows reliable, simple, faster, and cheaper genetic analysis than the previous singleplex method.

Genetic diagnosis of autosomal dominant polycystickidney disease using multiplex-PCR

Background: Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is the most common life-threatening hereditary disease. Molecular analysis with highly polymorphic short tandem repeats, located in the vicinity of the two genes responsible for the disease(PKD1 and PKD2), is used to confirm diagnosis and give genetic counseling to members of affected families. Methods: We have developed a new assay to genotype five PKD1 and four PKD2 markers, based on two multiplex PCR reactions, and capillary electrophoresis analysis. A total of 110 subjects, belonging to 14affected families, were genotyped to confirm the concordance with the singleplex method used previously. Results: The amplicons ranged from 95 to154 bp in length, and complete STR profiles were obtained from 1-5 ng DNA. The specificity of the multiplex PCR system was 88,5% (95%CI= 75,9-95,2),and the sensitivity, 87,9 (95%CI= 76,1-94,6).Conclusions: This is a useful strategy that, together with automated computer-based allele detection, allows reliable, simple, faster, and cheaper genetic analysis than the previous singleplex method (AU)

Introducción: La poliquistosis renal autosómica dominante (PQRAD) es la enfermedad hereditaria más frecuente con mayor amenaza para la vida. El análisis molecular de micro satélites polimórficos, localizados en torno a los genes responsables de la enfermedad (PKD1y PKD2) se utiliza para confirmar el diagnóstico y dar consejo genético. Métodos: Se desarrolló un método de genotipado para cinco marcadores de PKD1 y cuatro dePKD2, basado en dos reacciones de PCR múltiple y análisis por electroforesis capilar. Un total de 110individuos, pertenecientes a 14 familias afectas, fueron genotipados para confirmar la concordancia con el método de PCR simple usado previamente. Resultados: El rango de tamaño de los fragmentos amplificados fue desde 95 a 154 pb, y los perfiles completos demarcadores micro satélites se obtuvieron a partir de 1-5ng de ADN. La especificidad de la PCR múltiple fue del 88,5% (IC 95% 75,9-95,2), y la sensibilidad del 87,9 (IC95% 76,1-94,6). Conclusiones: Esta estrategia, junto con la detección automática de alelos, permite realizar un análisis genético fiable, sencillo, más rápido y de menor coste que el basado en amplificaciones individuales de los microsatélites (AU)

[Cardio-metabolic properties of manidipine: beyond lowering arterial pressure?]. / Propiedades cardiometabólicas del manidipino: ¿más allá de la reducción de la presión arterial?

From its introduction in the decade of the 70's the evolution of the calcium channel blockers has allowed to resolve the uncertainty initially generated by those first generation drugs. These, are characterized by a smaller oral availability, a fast vasodilator action and a short duration of action. Manidipine arises as a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist of third generation with real additional advantages regarding to previous generations. They show high lipophilia, a more prolonged action and as well as a prolonged average life at the level of his receptor and, in addition, some theoretical advantages among others calcium antagonists, improvements on the renal function by reducing the intraglomerular pressure and microalbuminuria. Nevertheless, the clinical evaluation of these last properties still depends on the results derived from clinical trials. Besides to go deep in its role in their antihypertensive effect, we presented a brief review on new cardiometabolic aspects of these dihydropyridines calcium antagonists focusing in manidipine.

Propiedades cardiometabólicas del manidipino: ¿más allá de la reducción de la presión arterial? / No disponible

Desde su introducción en la década de los 70, la evolución de los calcioantagonistas ha permitido solventar la incertidumbre inicialmente generada por aquellos fármacos deprimera generación. Éstos se caracterizan por una menor disponibilidad oral, una acción vasodilatadora rápida y corta acción. El manidipino surge como un derivado dihidropiridínico de tercera generación con ventajas adicionales reales frente a las generaciones anteriores, como son su alta lipofilicidad, su acción más prolongada y una vida media prolongada a nivel del receptor y, además, algunas ventajas teóricas entre otras, mejoras sobre la función renal reduciendo la presión intraglomerular y la microalbuminuria. Sin embargo, la evaluación clínica de estas últimas propiedades depende aún de los resultados que se deriven de la experiencia clínica. Además de ahondar ensu papel en la reducción de la presión arterial, presentamos una breve revisión sobre nuevos aspectos cardiometabólicos de los calcioantagonistas dihidropiridínicos, centrándonos en el manidipino (AU)

From its introduction in the decade of the 70’s the evolution of the calcium channel blockers has allowed to resolve the uncertainty initially generated by those first-generation drugs. These, are characterized by a smaller oral availability, a fast vasodilator action and a short duration of action. Manidipine arises as a dihydropyridinecalcium antagonist of third generation with real additional advantages regarding to previous generations. They show high lipophilia, a more prolonged action and as well as a prolonged average life at the level of his receptor and, in addition, some theoretical advantages among others calcium antagonists, improvements on the renal function by reducing the intraglomerular pressure and microalbuminuria. Nevertheless, the clinical evaluation of these last properties still depends on the results derived from clinical trials. Besides to go deep in its role in their antihypertensive effect, we presented a brief review on new cardiometabolic aspects of these dihydropyridines calcium antagonists focusing in manidipine (AU)